An analysis of polite relations in medieval literature. Discernment or face work?

Abstract

Research about politeness in speech acts is generally based on the studies of Brown & Levinson (1987 [1978]), which emphasize the idea of strategy. However, many researchers believe that the concepts on which the studies are based only apply to modern Western societies and propose another type of politeness, known as discernment. This article contributes to this debate by discussing politeness in the feudal age, as it is transmitted to us through literary works. By examining addresses to the king, first in chronicles and then in 13th-century Arthurian romances, this research shows that politeness is not expressed through socially preconstructed formulas but rather through facework strategies that take into account not only the social status of the addressees but also their merits, in accordance with the educational recommendations of Hugh of Saint Victor. Finally, the article attempts to clarify the notion of face in the feudal age.